Negociação algorítmica e dma uma introdução ao acesso directo estratégias de negociação pdf download

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Maior concorrência, maior volume de dados de mercado e novas demandas regulatórias são algumas das forças motrizes por trás das mudanças na indústria. As empresas estão tentando manter sua vantagem competitiva mudando constantemente suas estratégias de negociação e aumentando a velocidade de negociação.
Uma arquitetura viável precisa incluir as tecnologias mais recentes dos domínios de rede e de aplicativo. Tem que ser modular para fornecer um caminho gerenciável para evoluir cada componente com o mínimo de interrupção no sistema geral. Portanto, a arquitetura proposta por este artigo é baseada em uma estrutura de serviços. Examinamos serviços como mensagens de baixíssima latência, monitoramento de latência, multicast, computação, armazenamento, virtualização de dados e aplicativos, resiliência comercial, mobilidade comercial e thin client.
A solução para os complexos requisitos da plataforma de negociação da próxima geração deve ser construída com uma mentalidade holística, cruzando as fronteiras de silos tradicionais como negócios e tecnologia ou aplicativos e redes.
O principal objetivo deste documento é fornecer diretrizes para a criação de uma plataforma de negociação de baixíssima latência e, ao mesmo tempo, otimizar o rendimento bruto e a taxa de mensagens para dados de mercado e ordens de negociação FIX.
Para conseguir isso, estamos propondo as seguintes tecnologias de redução de latência:
• Interconexão de alta velocidade - conectividade InfiniBand ou 10 Gbps para o cluster de negociação.
• Barramento de mensagens de alta velocidade.
• Aceleração de aplicativos via RDMA sem re-código do aplicativo.
• Monitoramento de latência em tempo real e redirecionamento do tráfego de negociação para o caminho com latência mínima.
Tendências e Desafios da Indústria.
As arquiteturas comerciais da próxima geração precisam responder às crescentes demandas por velocidade, volume e eficiência. Por exemplo, espera-se que o volume de dados do mercado de opções dobre após a introdução da negociação de centavos de opções em 2007. Também há exigências regulatórias para a melhor execução, que exigem o manuseio de atualizações de preço a taxas que se aproximam de 1 milhão de msg / seg. para trocas. Eles também exigem visibilidade do frescor dos dados e prova de que o cliente obteve a melhor execução possível.
No curto prazo, a velocidade de negociação e inovação são os principais diferenciais. Um número crescente de negociações é tratado por aplicativos de comércio algorítmico colocados o mais próximo possível do local de execução da negociação. Um desafio com estes "black-box" mecanismos de negociação é que eles compõem o aumento de volume emitindo ordens apenas para cancelá-los e reenviá-los. A causa desse comportamento é a falta de visibilidade sobre qual local oferece a melhor execução. O comerciante humano é agora um "engenheiro financeiro" um "quant" (analista quantitativo) com habilidades de programação, que podem ajustar os modelos de negociação em tempo real. As empresas desenvolvem novos instrumentos financeiros, como derivativos climáticos ou negociações entre classes de ativos, e precisam implantar os novos aplicativos rapidamente e de forma escalável.
No longo prazo, a diferenciação competitiva deve vir da análise, não apenas do conhecimento. Os principais traders do futuro assumem riscos, obtêm uma visão verdadeira do cliente e batem consistentemente no mercado (fonte IBM: www-935.ibm/services/us/imc/pdf/ge510-6270-trader. pdf).
A resiliência dos negócios tem sido uma das principais preocupações das empresas de trading desde 11 de setembro de 2001. As soluções nesta área variam desde datacenters redundantes situados em diferentes geografias e conectados a múltiplos locais de negociação até soluções de trader virtual oferecendo aos operadores de mercado a maior parte da funcionalidade de uma mesa de negociação em um local remoto.
O setor de serviços financeiros é um dos mais exigentes em termos de requisitos de TI. O setor está passando por uma mudança arquitetônica em direção à Arquitetura Orientada a Serviços (SOA), serviços da Web e virtualização de recursos de TI. A SOA aproveita o aumento da velocidade da rede para permitir a vinculação dinâmica e a virtualização de componentes de software. Isso permite a criação de novos aplicativos sem perder o investimento em sistemas e infraestrutura existentes. O conceito tem o potencial de revolucionar a forma como a integração é feita, permitindo reduções significativas na complexidade e no custo de tal integração (gigaspaces / download / MerrilLynchGigaSpacesWP. pdf).
Outra tendência é a consolidação de servidores em farms de servidores de data center, enquanto as mesas de operação possuem apenas extensões KVM e clientes ultra-thin (por exemplo, SunRay e HP blade solutions). As redes de área metropolitanas de alta velocidade permitem que os dados de mercado sejam multicast entre locais diferentes, permitindo a virtualização do pregão.
Arquitetura de alto nível.
A Figura 1 descreve a arquitetura de alto nível de um ambiente comercial. A fábrica de tickers e os mecanismos de negociação algorítmica estão localizados no cluster de negociação de alto desempenho no data center da empresa ou na bolsa de valores. Os comerciantes humanos estão localizados na área de aplicativos do usuário final.
Funcionalmente, há dois componentes de aplicativos no ambiente comercial corporativo, editores e assinantes. O barramento de mensagens fornece o caminho de comunicação entre editores e assinantes.
Existem dois tipos de tráfego específicos para um ambiente de negociação:
• Dados de mercado - carrega informações sobre preços para instrumentos financeiros, notícias e outras informações de valor agregado, como análises. É unidirecional e muito sensível à latência, normalmente entregue em multicast UDP. É medido em atualizações / seg. e em Mbps. Os dados de mercado fluem de um ou vários feeds externos, provenientes de provedores de dados de mercado, como bolsas de valores, agregadores de dados e ECNs. Cada provedor tem seu próprio formato de dados de mercado. Os dados são recebidos por manipuladores de feeds, aplicativos especializados que normalizam e limpam os dados e os enviam para os consumidores de dados, como mecanismos de preços, aplicativos de comércio algorítmico ou comerciantes humanos. As empresas do lado da venda também enviam os dados do mercado para seus clientes, empresas compradoras, como fundos mútuos, fundos de hedge e outros gerentes de ativos. Algumas empresas de buy-side podem optar por receber feeds diretos das trocas, reduzindo a latência.
Figura 1 Arquitetura de negociação para uma empresa do lado de compra / venda.
Não existe um padrão da indústria para formatos de dados de mercado. Cada troca tem seu formato proprietário. Provedores de conteúdo financeiro, como Reuters e Bloomberg, agregam diferentes fontes de dados de mercado, normalizam e adicionam notícias ou análises. Exemplos de feeds consolidados são RDF (Reuters Data Feed), RWF (Reuters Wire Format) e Bloomberg Professional Services Data.
Para fornecer dados de mercado de latência mais baixa, os dois fornecedores lançaram feeds de dados de mercado em tempo real que são menos processados ​​e têm menos análises:
- Bloomberg B-Pipe - Com o B-Pipe, a Bloomberg separa seu feed de dados de mercado de sua plataforma de distribuição porque um terminal Bloomberg não é necessário para obter o B-Pipe. Wombat e Reuters Feed Handlers anunciaram o apoio ao B-Pipe.
Uma empresa pode decidir receber feeds diretamente de uma troca para reduzir a latência. Os ganhos na velocidade de transmissão podem variar entre 150 milissegundos e 500 milissegundos. Esses feeds são mais complexos e mais caros e a empresa precisa construir e manter sua própria fábrica de tickers (financetech / featured / showArticle. jhtml? ArticleID = 60404306).
• Ordens de negociação - esse tipo de tráfego transporta as negociações reais. É bidirecional e muito sensível à latência. É medido em mensagens / seg. e Mbps. Os pedidos são originários de uma empresa de buy side ou sell side e são enviados para plataformas de negociação como uma Exchange ou ECN para execução. O formato mais comum para o transporte de pedidos é o FIX (Financial Information eXchange - fixprotocol /). Os aplicativos que manipulam mensagens FIX são chamados de mecanismos FIX e interagem com sistemas de gerenciamento de pedidos (OMS).
Uma otimização para o FIX é chamada de FAST (correção adaptada para streaming), que usa um esquema de compactação para reduzir o tamanho da mensagem e, com efeito, reduzir a latência. O FAST é voltado mais para a entrega de dados de mercado e tem o potencial de se tornar um padrão. O FAST também pode ser usado como um esquema de compactação para formatos de dados de mercado proprietários.
Para reduzir a latência, as empresas podem optar por estabelecer o acesso direto ao mercado (Direct Market Access - DMA).
DMA é o processo automatizado de roteamento de uma ordem de títulos diretamente para um local de execução, evitando assim a intervenção de terceiros (towergroup / research / content / glossary. jsp? Page = 1 & glossaryId = 383). O DMA requer uma conexão direta com o local de execução.
O barramento de mensagens é um software de middleware de fornecedores como a Tibco, a 29West, a Reuters RMDS ou uma plataforma de código aberto, como o AMQP. O barramento de mensagens usa um mecanismo confiável para entregar mensagens. O transporte pode ser feito via TCP / IP (TibcoEMS, 29West, RMDS e AMQP) ou UDP / multicast (TibcoRV, 29West e RMDS). Um conceito importante na distribuição de mensagens é o & quot; stream de tópico & quot; que é um subconjunto de dados de mercado definidos por critérios como símbolo de ticker, setor ou uma determinada cesta de instrumentos financeiros. Os inscritos participam de grupos de tópicos mapeados em um ou vários subtópicos para receber apenas as informações relevantes. No passado, todos os comerciantes recebiam todos os dados do mercado. Nos volumes atuais de tráfego, isso seria sub-ótimo.
A rede desempenha um papel crítico no ambiente de negociação. Os dados de mercado são transportados para o pregão onde os comerciantes humanos estão localizados através de uma rede de alta velocidade Campus ou Metro Area. Alta disponibilidade e baixa latência, bem como alta taxa de transferência, são as métricas mais importantes.
O ambiente comercial de alto desempenho possui a maioria de seus componentes no farm de servidores do Data Center. Para minimizar a latência, os mecanismos de negociação algorítmica precisam estar localizados nas proximidades dos manipuladores de feeds, mecanismos FIX e sistemas de gerenciamento de pedidos. Um modelo de implantação alternativo possui os sistemas de negociação algorítmica localizados em uma troca ou um provedor de serviços com conectividade rápida para várias trocas.
Modelos de implantação.
Existem dois modelos de implantação para uma plataforma de negociação de alto desempenho. As empresas podem optar por ter uma mistura dos dois:
• Data Center da empresa de trading (Figura 2) - Esse é o modelo tradicional, no qual uma plataforma de negociação completa é desenvolvida e mantida pela empresa com links de comunicação para todas as plataformas de negociação. A latência varia com a velocidade dos links e o número de saltos entre a empresa e os locais.
Figura 2 Modelo de Implantação Tradicional.
• Co-location na plataforma de negociação (bolsas, prestadores de serviços financeiros (FSP)) (Figura 3)
A empresa comercial implanta sua plataforma de negociação automatizada o mais próximo possível dos locais de execução para minimizar a latência.
Figura 3 Modelo de Implantação Hospedada.
Arquitetura de Negociação Orientada a Serviços.
Estamos propondo uma estrutura orientada a serviços para a construção da arquitetura comercial de próxima geração. Essa abordagem fornece uma estrutura conceitual e um caminho de implementação com base na modularização e minimização de interdependências.
Essa estrutura fornece às empresas uma metodologia para:
• Avalie seu estado atual em termos de serviços.
• Priorizar serviços com base em seu valor para o negócio.
• Evolua a plataforma de negociação para o estado desejado usando uma abordagem modular.
A arquitetura de negociação de alto desempenho conta com os seguintes serviços, conforme definido pela estrutura de arquitetura de serviços representada na Figura 4.
Figura 4 Estrutura de Arquitetura de Serviço para Negociação de Alto Desempenho.
Tabela 1 Descrições e Tecnologias de Serviço.
Mensagens de latência ultra baixa.
Instrumentação - appliances, agentes de software e módulos roteadores.
Virtualização de SO e E / S, RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access), TOE (TCP Offload Engines)
Middleware que paraleliza o processamento de aplicativos.
Middleware que acelera o acesso a dados para aplicativos, por exemplo, armazenamento em cache na memória.
Replicação multicast assistida por hardware através da rede; otimizações multicast Camada 2 e Camada 3.
Virtualização de hardware de armazenamento (VSANs), replicação de dados, backup remoto e virtualização de arquivos.
Resiliência comercial e mobilidade.
Balanceamento de carga local e local e redes de campus de alta disponibilidade.
Serviços de aplicativos de área ampla.
Aceleração de aplicativos em uma conexão WAN para comerciantes residindo fora do campus.
Serviço de cliente fino.
Desacoplamento dos recursos de computação dos terminais voltados para o usuário final.
Serviço de Mensagens de Latência Ultra-Baixa.
Esse serviço é fornecido pelo barramento de mensagens, que é um sistema de software que resolve o problema de conectar muitos-para-muitos aplicativos. O sistema consiste em:
• Um conjunto de esquemas de mensagens predefinidos.
• Um conjunto de mensagens de comando comuns.
• Uma infraestrutura de aplicativos compartilhados para enviar as mensagens para os destinatários. A infraestrutura compartilhada pode ser baseada em um intermediário de mensagem ou em um modelo de publicação / assinatura.
Os principais requisitos para o barramento de mensagens da próxima geração são (fonte 29West):
• menor latência possível (por exemplo, menos de 100 microssegundos)
• Estabilidade sob carga pesada (por exemplo, mais de 1,4 milhões de msg / segundo)
• Controle e flexibilidade (controle de taxa e transporte configurável)
Há esforços no setor para padronizar o barramento de mensagens. O AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) é um exemplo de um padrão aberto promovido pelo J. P. Morgan Chase e apoiado por um grupo de fornecedores como Cisco, Envoy Technologies, Red Hat, TWIST Process Innovations, Iona, 29West e iMatix. Dois dos principais objetivos são fornecer um caminho mais simples para a interoperabilidade de aplicativos escritos em plataformas diferentes e modularidade para que o middleware possa ser facilmente desenvolvido.
Em termos muito gerais, um servidor AMQP é análogo a um servidor de E-mail, com cada troca agindo como um agente de transferência de mensagens e cada fila de mensagens como uma caixa de correio. As ligações definem as tabelas de roteamento em cada agente de transferência. Os editores enviam mensagens para agentes de transferência individuais, que encaminham as mensagens para caixas de correio. Os consumidores recebem mensagens de caixas de correio, o que cria um modelo poderoso e flexível que é simples (fonte: amqp / tikiwiki / tiki-index. php? Page = OpenApproach # Why_AMQP_).
Serviço de Monitoramento de Latência.
Os principais requisitos para este serviço são:
• Granularidade de medidas de sub-milissegundos.
• Visibilidade em tempo quase real sem adicionar latência ao tráfego de negociação.
• Capacidade de diferenciar a latência do processamento de aplicativos da latência de trânsito da rede.
• Capacidade de lidar com altas taxas de mensagens.
• Fornecer uma interface programática para aplicativos de negociação para receber dados de latência, permitindo que os mecanismos de negociação algorítmica se adaptem às condições em constante mudança.
• Correlacionar eventos de rede com eventos do aplicativo para fins de solução de problemas.
A latência pode ser definida como o intervalo de tempo entre o momento em que uma ordem de negociação é enviada e quando a mesma ordem é reconhecida e aceita pela parte receptora.
Abordar a questão da latência é um problema complexo, exigindo uma abordagem holística que identifique todas as fontes de latência e aplique diferentes tecnologias em diferentes camadas do sistema.
A Figura 5 mostra a variedade de componentes que podem introduzir latência em cada camada da pilha OSI. Ele também mapeia cada fonte de latência com uma possível solução e uma solução de monitoramento. Essa abordagem em camadas pode oferecer às empresas uma maneira mais estruturada de atacar a questão da latência, em que cada componente pode ser considerado como um serviço e tratado de forma consistente em toda a empresa.
A manutenção de uma medida precisa do estado dinâmico desse intervalo de tempo em rotas e destinos alternativos pode ser de grande ajuda nas decisões de negociação tática. A capacidade de identificar a localização exata dos atrasos, seja na rede de borda do cliente, no hub de processamento central ou no nível do aplicativo de transação, determina significativamente a capacidade dos provedores de serviços de cumprir seus contratos de nível de serviço (SLAs). Para os formulários buy-side e sell-side, bem como para os sindicatos de dados de mercado, a rápida identificação e remoção de gargalos traduz-se diretamente em melhores oportunidades e receitas comerciais.
Figura 5 Arquitetura de Gerenciamento de Latência.
Ferramentas de monitoramento de baixa latência da Cisco.
As ferramentas tradicionais de monitoramento de rede operam com minutos ou segundos de granularidade. As plataformas de negociação da próxima geração, especialmente aquelas que suportam o comércio algorítmico, exigem latências inferiores a 5 ms e níveis extremamente baixos de perda de pacotes. Em uma LAN Gigabit, uma microburst de 100 ms pode causar 10.000 transações a serem perdidas ou excessivamente atrasadas.
A Cisco oferece aos seus clientes uma variedade de ferramentas para medir a latência em um ambiente de negociação:
• Gerente de Qualidade de Largura de Banda (BQM) (OEM da Corvil)
• Solução de Monitoramento de Latência de Serviços Financeiros (FSMS) baseada em Cisco AON
Gerente de Qualidade de Largura de Banda.
O Bandwidth Quality Manager (BQM) 4.0 é um produto de gerenciamento de desempenho de aplicativos de rede de última geração que permite que os clientes monitorem e provisionem sua rede para níveis controlados de latência e desempenho de perda. Embora o BQM não seja voltado exclusivamente para redes comerciais, sua visibilidade em microssegundos combinada com recursos inteligentes de provisionamento de largura de banda o torna ideal para esses ambientes exigentes.
O Cisco BQM 4.0 implementa um amplo conjunto de tecnologias de medição de tráfego e análise de rede patenteadas e com patente pendente que proporcionam ao usuário visibilidade e compreensão sem precedentes de como otimizar a rede para obter o máximo desempenho do aplicativo.
O Cisco BQM agora é suportado na família de produtos do Cisco Application Deployment Engine (ADE). A família de produtos Cisco ADE é a plataforma escolhida para aplicativos de gerenciamento de rede da Cisco.
Benefícios do BQM.
A microvisualização do Cisco BQM é a capacidade de detectar, medir e analisar eventos de tráfego de latência, jitter e perda que induzem a níveis de microssegundos de granularidade com resolução por pacote. Isso permite que o Cisco BQM detecte e determine o impacto de eventos de tráfego na latência, instabilidade e perda da rede. É crítico para os ambientes de negociação que o BQM possa suportar medições de latência, perda e jitter unidirecionais para tráfego TCP e UDP (multicast). Isso significa que ele é relatado perfeitamente para tráfego de tráfego e feeds de dados de mercado.
O BQM permite que o usuário especifique um conjunto abrangente de limites (em relação à atividade de microburst, latência, perda, jitter, utilização, etc.) em todas as interfaces. Em seguida, o BQM opera uma captura de pacote de rolagem em segundo plano. Sempre que ocorre uma violação de limite ou outro evento de degradação de desempenho potencial, ele aciona o Cisco BQM para armazenar a captura de pacote no disco para análise posterior. Isso permite que o usuário examine detalhadamente o tráfego do aplicativo que foi afetado pela degradação do desempenho (& quot; as vítimas & quot;) e o tráfego que causou a degradação do desempenho (& quot; os culpados & quot;). Isso pode reduzir significativamente o tempo gasto no diagnóstico e na solução de problemas de desempenho da rede.
O BQM também é capaz de fornecer recomendações detalhadas de provisionamento de política de largura de banda e qualidade de serviço (QoS), que o usuário pode aplicar diretamente para obter o desempenho de rede desejado.
Medidas de BQM ilustradas.
Para entender a diferença entre algumas das técnicas de medição mais convencionais e a visibilidade fornecida pelo BQM, podemos ver alguns gráficos de comparação. No primeiro conjunto de gráficos (Figura 6 e Figura 7), vemos a diferença entre a latência medida pelo Passive Network Quality Monitor (PNQM) do BQM e a latência medida pela injeção de pacotes de ping a cada 1 segundo no fluxo de tráfego.
Na Figura 6, vemos a latência relatada por pacotes de ping ICMP de 1 segundo para tráfego de rede real (ele é dividido por 2 para fornecer uma estimativa para o atraso unidirecional). Ele mostra o atraso confortavelmente abaixo de cerca de 5ms durante quase todo o tempo.
Figura 6 Latência reportada por pacotes de ping ICMP de 1 segundo para tráfego de rede real.
Na Figura 7, vemos a latência relatada pelo PNQM para o mesmo tráfego ao mesmo tempo. Aqui vemos que medindo a latência unidirecional dos pacotes de aplicativos reais, obtemos uma imagem radicalmente diferente. Aqui, a latência parece estar pairando em torno de 20 ms, com surtos ocasionais muito mais altos. A explicação é que, como o ping está enviando pacotes apenas a cada segundo, está faltando completamente a maior parte da latência de tráfego do aplicativo. Na verdade, os resultados do ping normalmente indicam apenas atraso de propagação de ida e volta em vez de latência de aplicativo realista na rede.
Figura 7 Latência Relatada pelo PNQM para o Real Network Traffic.
No segundo exemplo (Figura 8), vemos a diferença na carga reportada ou níveis de saturação entre uma visualização média de 5 minutos e uma visualização de microburst de 5 ms (o BQM pode reportar a exatidão de cerca de 10-100 nanossegundos em microbursts). A linha verde mostra que a média de utilização nas médias de 5 minutos é baixa, talvez até 5 Mbits / s. O gráfico azul escuro mostra a atividade de microburst de 5ms alcançando entre 75 Mbits / se 100 Mbits / s, a velocidade da LAN efetivamente. O BQM mostra esse nível de granularidade para todas as aplicações e também fornece regras de provisionamento claras para permitir que o usuário controle ou neutralize esses microbursts.
Figura 8 Diferença na carga de link reportada entre uma visualização média de 5 minutos e uma exibição de microssonda de 5 ms.
Implantação do BQM na Rede de Negociação.
A Figura 9 mostra uma implantação típica do BQM em uma rede de negociação.
Figura 9 Implantação típica do BQM em uma rede de negociação.
O BQM pode então ser usado para responder a esses tipos de perguntas:
• Algum dos meus principais links de LAN Gigabit está saturado por mais de X milissegundos? Isso está causando perda? Quais links seriam mais beneficiados com uma atualização para as velocidades Etherchannel ou 10 Gigabit?
• Qual tráfego de aplicativos está causando a saturação dos meus links de 1 Gigabit?
• Algum dos dados de mercado apresenta perda de ponta a ponta?
• Quanta latência adicional o data center de failover enfrenta? Este link é dimensionado corretamente para lidar com microbursts?
• Meus traders estão recebendo atualizações de baixa latência da camada de distribuição de dados de mercado? Eles estão vendo algum atraso maior que X milissegundos?
Ser capaz de responder a essas perguntas de maneira simples e eficaz economiza tempo e dinheiro na execução da rede de negociação.
O BQM é uma ferramenta essencial para ganhar visibilidade em dados de mercado e ambientes de negociação. Ele fornece medições granulares de latência de ponta a ponta em infraestruturas complexas que sofrem movimentação de dados de alto volume. Detectar efetivamente microbursts em níveis sub-milissegundos e receber análise especializada em um determinado evento é inestimável para os arquitetos de pregão. Recomendações de provisionamento de largura de banda inteligente, como dimensionamento e análise de hipóteses, proporcionam maior agilidade para responder às condições voláteis do mercado. À medida que a explosão da negociação algorítmica e o aumento das taxas de mensagens continua, o BQM, combinado com sua ferramenta de QoS, fornece a capacidade de implementar políticas de QoS que podem proteger aplicativos críticos de negociação.
Solução de monitoramento de latência de serviços financeiros da Cisco.
A Cisco e a Trading Metrics têm colaborado em soluções de monitoramento de latência para o fluxo de pedidos FIX e monitoramento de dados de mercado. A tecnologia Cisco AON é a base para uma nova classe de produtos e soluções incorporados em rede que ajudam a mesclar redes inteligentes com a infraestrutura de aplicativos, com base em arquiteturas orientadas a serviços ou tradicionais. A Trading Metrics é uma fornecedora líder de software analítico para fins de monitoramento de latência de infra-estrutura de rede e latência de aplicativos (tradingmetrics /).
A solução de monitoramento de latência de serviços financeiros (FSMS) da Cisco AON correlacionou dois tipos de eventos no ponto de observação:
• Eventos de rede correlacionados diretamente com o tratamento de mensagens de aplicativos coincidentes.
• Fluxo de pedidos comerciais e eventos de atualização de mercado correspondentes.
Usando a marcação de tempo declarada no momento da captura na rede, a análise em tempo real desses fluxos de dados correlatos permite a identificação precisa de gargalos na infraestrutura enquanto uma transação está sendo executada ou os dados de mercado estão sendo distribuídos. Ao monitorar e medir a latência no início do ciclo, as empresas financeiras podem tomar melhores decisões sobre qual serviço de rede - e qual intermediário, mercado ou contraparte - selecionar para rotear ordens de negociação. Da mesma forma, esse conhecimento permite acesso mais simplificado a dados de mercado atualizados (cotações de ações, notícias econômicas, etc.), que é uma base importante para iniciar, retirar ou buscar oportunidades de mercado.
Os componentes da solução são:
• hardware AON em três fatores de forma:
- Módulo de rede AON para roteadores Cisco 2600/2800/3700/3800.
- AON Blade para a série Cisco Catalyst 6500.
- Aparelho AON 8340.
• O software Trading Metrics M & amp; A 2.0, que fornece o aplicativo de monitoramento e alerta, exibe gráficos de latência em um painel e emite alertas quando ocorrem lentidões (tradingmetrics / TM_brochure. pdf).
Figura 10 Monitoramento de Latência FIX Baseado em AON.
SLA IP da Cisco.
O Cisco IP SLA é uma ferramenta de gerenciamento de rede incorporada no Cisco IOS que permite que roteadores e switches gerem fluxos de tráfego sintéticos que podem ser medidos quanto à latência, jitter, perda de pacotes e outros critérios (cisco / go / ipsla).
Dois conceitos principais são a origem do tráfego gerado e o destino. Ambas estas executam um endereço IP SLA "respondedor". que tem a responsabilidade de marcar o tempo do tráfego de controle antes que ele seja originado e retornado pelo destino (para uma medida de ida e volta). Vários tipos de tráfego podem ser originados no IP SLA e são direcionados a métricas diferentes e a diferentes serviços e aplicativos. A operação de jitter UDP é usada para medir atrasos unidirecionais e ida e volta e reportar variações. Como o tempo do tráfego é estampado nos dispositivos de envio e destino usando o recurso de resposta, o atraso de ida e volta é caracterizado como o delta entre os dois registros de data e hora.
Um novo recurso foi introduzido no IOS 12.3 (14) T, no IP SLA Sub Millisecond Reporting, que permite que os timestamps sejam exibidos com uma resolução em microssegundos, fornecendo assim um nível de granularidade não disponível anteriormente. Esse novo recurso tornou o IP SLA relevante para as redes do campus onde a latência da rede está normalmente na faixa de 300 a 800 microssegundos e a capacidade de detectar tendências e picos (tendências breves) com base em contadores de granularidade de microssegundos é um requisito para os clientes envolvidos no tempo ambientes de negociação eletrônicos sensíveis.
Como resultado, o IP SLA agora está sendo considerado por um número significativo de organizações financeiras, pois todas enfrentam requisitos para:
• Relate a latência da linha de base para seus usuários.
• Tendência da latência da linha de base ao longo do tempo.
• Responda rapidamente a explosões de tráfego que causam alterações na latência relatada.
Relatórios de sub-milissegundos são necessários para esses clientes, uma vez que muitos campus e backbones estão entregando atualmente com um segundo de latência em vários saltos de switch. Ambientes de negociação eletrônica geralmente trabalham para eliminar ou minimizar todas as áreas de dispositivos e latência de rede para oferecer um atendimento rápido aos negócios. Relatando que os tempos de resposta da rede são "pouco menos de um milissegundo" não é mais suficiente; A granularidade das medições de latência relatadas em um segmento de rede ou backbone precisa estar mais próxima de 300-800 microssegundos com um grau de resolução de 100 & igrave; segundos.
O IP SLA recentemente adicionou suporte a fluxos de teste de multicast IP, que podem medir a latência de dados de mercado.
Uma topologia de rede típica é mostrada na Figura 11 com os roteadores sombra Sla IP, fontes e respondentes.
Figura 11 Implantação do IP SLA.
Serviços de computação.
Os serviços de computação cobrem uma ampla gama de tecnologias com o objetivo de eliminar gargalos de memória e CPU criados pelo processamento de pacotes de rede. Os aplicativos comerciais consomem grandes volumes de dados de mercado e os servidores precisam dedicar recursos ao processamento do tráfego de rede, em vez do processamento de aplicativos.
• Processamento de transporte - Em altas velocidades, o processamento de pacotes de rede pode consumir uma quantidade significativa de ciclos e memória de CPU do servidor. Uma regra prática estabelecida indica que 1 Gbps de largura de banda de rede requer 1 GHz de capacidade de processador (fonte do white paper da Intel sobre aceleração de E / S intel / technology / ioacceleration / 306517.pdf).
• Cópia de buffer intermediário - Em uma implementação de pilha de rede convencional, os dados precisam ser copiados pela CPU entre buffers de rede e buffers de aplicativo. Essa sobrecarga é agravada pelo fato de que as velocidades de memória não acompanharam os aumentos nas velocidades da CPU. Por exemplo, processadores como o Intel Xeon estão se aproximando de 4 GHz, enquanto os chips de RAM estão em torno de 400 MHz (para memórias DDR 3200) (fonte Intel intel / technology / ioacceleration / 306517.pdf).
• Comutação de contexto - Toda vez que um pacote individual precisa ser processado, a CPU executa uma alternância de contexto do contexto de aplicativo para o contexto de tráfego de rede. Essa sobrecarga poderia ser reduzida se a opção ocorresse somente quando todo o buffer de aplicativo estivesse completo.
Figura 12 Fontes de Sobrecarga nos Servidores do Data Center.
• TCP Offload Engine (TOE) - Transfere os ciclos do processador de transporte para a NIC. Move as cópias do buffer da pilha do protocolo TCP / IP da memória do sistema para a memória NIC.
• Acesso Direto à Memória Remota (RDMA) - permite que um adaptador de rede transfira dados diretamente de um aplicativo para outro, sem envolver o sistema operacional. Elimina cópias intermediárias e de buffer de aplicativos (consumo de largura de banda de memória).
• Bypass do kernel - acesso direto em nível de usuário ao hardware. Reduz drasticamente os parâmetros de contexto do aplicativo.
Figura 13 RDMA e Kernel Bypass.
O InfiniBand é um link de comunicação serial bidirecional ponto-a-ponto (comutação de malha) que implementa o RDMA, entre outros recursos. A Cisco oferece um switch InfiniBand, o Server Fabric Switch (SFS): cisco / application / pdf / pt / us / guest / netsol / ns500 / c643 / cdccont_0900aecd804c35cb. pdf.
Figura 14 Implantação típica do SFS.
Os aplicativos comerciais se beneficiam da redução na latência e variabilidade de latência, conforme comprovado por um teste realizado com o Cisco SFS e Wombat Feed Handlers da Stac Research:
Serviço de virtualização de aplicativos.
O desacoplamento do aplicativo do sistema operacional subjacente e do hardware do servidor permite que eles sejam executados como serviços de rede. Um aplicativo pode ser executado em paralelo em vários servidores ou vários aplicativos podem ser executados no mesmo servidor, conforme dita a melhor alocação de recursos. Esse desacoplamento permite melhor balanceamento de carga e recuperação de desastres para estratégias de continuidade de negócios. O processo de realocação de recursos de computação para um aplicativo é dinâmico. Usando um sistema de virtualização de aplicativos como o GridServer do Data Synapse, os aplicativos podem migrar, usando políticas pré-configuradas, para servidores subutilizados em um processo de suprimento-correspondência-demanda (networkworld / supp / 2005 / ndc1 / 022105virtual. html? Page = 2) .
Existem muitas vantagens comerciais para as empresas financeiras que adotam a virtualização de aplicativos:
• Maior rapidez no lançamento de novos produtos e serviços no mercado.
• Integração mais rápida de empresas após atividades de fusões e aquisições.
• Maior disponibilidade de aplicativos.
• Melhor distribuição da carga de trabalho, que cria mais & quot; head room & quot; para processamento de picos no volume de negociação.
• Eficiência operacional e controle.
• Reduction in IT complexity.
Currently, application virtualization is not used in the trading front-office. One use-case is risk modeling, like Monte Carlo simulations. As the technology evolves, it is conceivable that some the trading platforms will adopt it.
Data Virtualization Service.
To effectively share resources across distributed enterprise applications, firms must be able to leverage data across multiple sources in real-time while ensuring data integrity. With solutions from data virtualization software vendors such as Gemstone or Tangosol (now Oracle), financial firms can access heterogeneous sources of data as a single system image that enables connectivity between business processes and unrestrained application access to distributed caching. The net result is that all users have instant access to these data resources across a distributed network (gridtoday/03/0210/101061.html).
This is called a data grid and is the first step in the process of creating what Gartner calls Extreme Transaction Processing (XTP) (gartner/DisplayDocument? ref=g_search&id=500947). Technologies such as data and applications virtualization enable financial firms to perform real-time complex analytics, event-driven applications, and dynamic resource allocation.
One example of data virtualization in action is a global order book application. An order book is the repository of active orders that is published by the exchange or other market makers. A global order book aggregates orders from around the world from markets that operate independently. The biggest challenge for the application is scalability over WAN connectivity because it has to maintain state. Today's data grids are localized in data centers connected by Metro Area Networks (MAN). This is mainly because the applications themselves have limits—they have been developed without the WAN in mind.
Figure 15 GemStone GemFire Distributed Caching.
Before data virtualization, applications used database clustering for failover and scalability. This solution is limited by the performance of the underlying database. Failover is slower because the data is committed to disc. With data grids, the data which is part of the active state is cached in memory, which reduces drastically the failover time. Scaling the data grid means just adding more distributed resources, providing a more deterministic performance compared to a database cluster.
Multicast Service.
Market data delivery is a perfect example of an application that needs to deliver the same data stream to hundreds and potentially thousands of end users. Market data services have been implemented with TCP or UDP broadcast as the network layer, but those implementations have limited scalability. Using TCP requires a separate socket and sliding window on the server for each recipient. UDP broadcast requires a separate copy of the stream for each destination subnet. Both of these methods exhaust the resources of the servers and the network. The server side must transmit and service each of the streams individually, which requires larger and larger server farms. On the network side, the required bandwidth for the application increases in a linear fashion. For example, to send a 1 Mbps stream to 1000recipients using TCP requires 1 Gbps of bandwidth.
IP multicast is the only way to scale market data delivery. To deliver a 1 Mbps stream to 1000 recipients, IP multicast would require 1 Mbps. The stream can be delivered by as few as two servers—one primary and one backup for redundancy.
There are two main phases of market data delivery to the end user. In the first phase, the data stream must be brought from the exchange into the brokerage's network. Typically the feeds are terminated in a data center on the customer premise. The feeds are then processed by a feed handler, which may normalize the data stream into a common format and then republish into the application messaging servers in the data center.
The second phase involves injecting the data stream into the application messaging bus which feeds the core infrastructure of the trading applications. The large brokerage houses have thousands of applications that use the market data streams for various purposes, such as live trades, long term trending, arbitrage, etc. Many of these applications listen to the feeds and then republish their own analytical and derivative information. For example, a brokerage may compare the prices of CSCO to the option prices of CSCO on another exchange and then publish ratings which a different application may monitor to determine how much they are out of synchronization.
Figure 16 Market Data Distribution Players.
The delivery of these data streams is typically over a reliable multicast transport protocol, traditionally Tibco Rendezvous. Tibco RV operates in a publish and subscribe environment. Each financial instrument is given a subject name, such as CSCO. last. Each application server can request the individual instruments of interest by their subject name and receive just a that subset of the information. This is called subject-based forwarding or filtering. Subject-based filtering is patented by Tibco.
A distinction should be made between the first and second phases of market data delivery. The delivery of market data from the exchange to the brokerage is mostly a one-to-many application. The only exception to the unidirectional nature of market data may be retransmission requests, which are usually sent using unicast. The trading applications, however, are definitely many-to-many applications and may interact with the exchanges to place orders.
Figure 17 Market Data Architecture.
Design Issues.
Number of Groups/Channels to Use.
Many application developers consider using thousand of multicast groups to give them the ability to divide up products or instruments into small buckets. Normally these applications send many small messages as part of their information bus. Usually several messages are sent in each packet that are received by many users. Sending fewer messages in each packet increases the overhead necessary for each message.
In the extreme case, sending only one message in each packet quickly reaches the point of diminishing returns—there is more overhead sent than actual data. Application developers must find a reasonable compromise between the number of groups and breaking up their products into logical buckets.
Consider, for example, the Nasdaq Quotation Dissemination Service (NQDS). The instruments are broken up alphabetically:
Another example is the Nasdaq Totalview service, broken up this way:
This approach allows for straight forward network/application management, but does not necessarily allow for optimized bandwidth utilization for most users. A user of NQDS that is interested in technology stocks, and would like to subscribe to just CSCO and INTL, would have to pull down all the data for the first two groups of NQDS. Understanding the way users pull down the data and then organize it into appropriate logical groups optimizes the bandwidth for each user.
In many market data applications, optimizing the data organization would be of limited value. Typically customers bring in all data into a few machines and filter the instruments. Using more groups is just more overhead for the stack and does not help the customers conserve bandwidth. Another approach might be to keep the groups down to a minimum level and use UDP port numbers to further differentiate if necessary. The other extreme would be to use just one multicast group for the entire application and then have the end user filter the data. In some situations this may be sufficient.
Intermittent Sources.
A common issue with market data applications are servers that send data to a multicast group and then go silent for more than 3.5 minutes. These intermittent sources may cause trashing of state on the network and can introduce packet loss during the window of time when soft state and then hardware shorts are being created.
PIM-Bidir or PIM-SSM.
The first and best solution for intermittent sources is to use PIM-Bidir for many-to-many applications and PIM-SSM for one-to-many applications.
Both of these optimizations of the PIM protocol do not have any data-driven events in creating forwarding state. That means that as long as the receivers are subscribed to the streams, the network has the forwarding state created in the hardware switching path.
Intermittent sources are not an issue with PIM-Bidir and PIM-SSM.
Null Packets.
In PIM-SM environments a common method to make sure forwarding state is created is to send a burst of null packets to the multicast group before the actual data stream. The application must efficiently ignore these null data packets to ensure it does not affect performance. The sources must only send the burst of packets if they have been silent for more than 3 minutes. A good practice is to send the burst if the source is silent for more than a minute. Many financials send out an initial burst of traffic in the morning and then all well-behaved sources do not have problems.
Periodic Keepalives or Heartbeats.
An alternative approach for PIM-SM environments is for sources to send periodic heartbeat messages to the multicast groups. This is a similar approach to the null packets, but the packets can be sent on a regular timer so that the forwarding state never expires.
S, G Expiry Timer.
Finally, Cisco has made a modification to the operation of the S, G expiry timer in IOS. There is now a CLI knob to allow the state for a S, G to stay alive for hours without any traffic being sent. The (S, G) expiry timer is configurable. This approach should be considered a workaround until PIM-Bidir or PIM-SSM is deployed or the application is fixed.
RTCP Feedback.
A common issue with real time voice and video applications that use RTP is the use of RTCP feedback traffic. Unnecessary use of the feedback option can create excessive multicast state in the network. If the RTCP traffic is not required by the application it should be avoided.
Fast Producers and Slow Consumers.
Today many servers providing market data are attached at Gigabit speeds, while the receivers are attached at different speeds, usually 100Mbps. This creates the potential for receivers to drop packets and request re-transmissions, which creates more traffic that the slowest consumers cannot handle, continuing the vicious circle.
The solution needs to be some type of access control in the application that limits the amount of data that one host can request. QoS and other network functions can mitigate the problem, but ultimately the subscriptions need to be managed in the application.
Tibco Heartbeats.
TibcoRV has had the ability to use IP multicast for the heartbeat between the TICs for many years. However, there are some brokerage houses that are still using very old versions of TibcoRV that use UDP broadcast support for the resiliency. This limitation is often cited as a reason to maintain a Layer 2 infrastructure between TICs located in different data centers. These older versions of TibcoRV should be phased out in favor of the IP multicast supported versions.
Multicast Forwarding Options.
PIM Sparse Mode.
The standard IP multicast forwarding protocol used today for market data delivery is PIM Sparse Mode. It is supported on all Cisco routers and switches and is well understood. PIM-SM can be used in all the network components from the exchange, FSP, and brokerage.
There are, however, some long-standing issues and unnecessary complexity associated with a PIM-SM deployment that could be avoided by using PIM-Bidir and PIM-SSM. These are covered in the next sections.
The main components of the PIM-SM implementation are:
• PIM Sparse Mode v2.
• Shared Tree (spt-threshold infinity)
A design option in the brokerage or in the exchange.
Details of Anycast RP can be found in:
The classic high availability design for Tibco in the brokerage network is documented in:
Bidirectional PIM.
PIM-Bidir is an optimization of PIM Sparse Mode for many-to-many applications. It has several key advantages over a PIM-SM deployment:
• Better support for intermittent sources.
• No data-triggered events.
One of the weaknesses of PIM-SM is that the network continually needs to react to active data flows. This can cause non-deterministic behavior that may be hard to troubleshoot. PIM-Bidir has the following major protocol differences over PIM-SM:
– No source registration.
Source traffic is automatically sent to the RP and then down to the interested receivers. There is no unicast encapsulation, PIM joins from the RP to the first hop router and then registration stop messages.
All PIM-Bidir traffic is forwarded on a *,G forwarding entry. The router does not have to monitor the traffic flow on a *,G and then send joins when the traffic passes a threshold.
– No need for an actual RP.
The RP does not have an actual protocol function in PIM-Bidir. The RP acts as a routing vector in which all the traffic converges. The RP can be configured as an address that is not assigned to any particular device. This is called a Phantom RP.
– No need for MSDP.
MSDP provides source information between RPs in a PIM-SM network. PIM-Bidir does not use the active source information for any forwarding decisions and therefore MSDP is not required.
Bidirectional PIM is ideally suited for the brokerage network in the data center of the exchange. In this environment there are many sources sending to a relatively few set of groups in a many-to-many traffic pattern.
The key components of the PIM-Bidir implementation are:
Further details about Phantom RP and basic PIM-Bidir design are documented in:
Source Specific Multicast.
PIM-SSM is an optimization of PIM Sparse Mode for one-to-many applications. In certain environments it can offer several distinct advantages over PIM-SM. Like PIM-Bidir, PIM-SSM does not rely on any data-triggered events. Furthermore, PIM-SSM does not require an RP at all—there is no such concept in PIM-SSM. The forwarding information in the network is completely controlled by the interest of the receivers.
Source Specific Multicast is ideally suited for market data delivery in the financial service provider. The FSP can receive the feeds from the exchanges and then route them to the end of their network.
Many FSPs are also implementing MPLS and Multicast VPNs in their core. PIM-SSM is the preferred method for transporting traffic in VRFs.
When PIM-SSM is deployed all the way to the end user, the receiver indicates his interest in a particular S, G with IGMPv3. Even though IGMPv3 was defined by RFC 2236 back in October, 2002, it still has not been implemented by all edge devices. This creates a challenge for deploying an end-to-end PIM-SSM service. A transitional solution has been developed by Cisco to enable an edge device that supports IGMPv2 to participate in an PIM-SSM service. This feature is called SSM Mapping and is documented in:
Storage Services.
The service provides storage capabilities into the market data and trading environments. Trading applications access backend storage to connect to different databases and other repositories consisting of portfolios, trade settlements, compliance data, management applications, Enterprise Service Bus (ESB), and other critical applications where reliability and security is critical to the success of the business. The main requirements for the service are:
Storage virtualization is an enabling technology that simplifies management of complex infrastructures, enables non-disruptive operations, and facilitates critical elements of a proactive information lifecycle management (ILM) strategy. EMC Invista running on the Cisco MDS 9000 enables heterogeneous storage pooling and dynamic storage provisioning, allowing allocation of any storage to any application. High availability is increased with seamless data migration. Appropriate class of storage is allocated to point-in-time copies (clones). Storage virtualization is also leveraged through the use of Virtual Storage Area Networks (VSANs), which enable the consolidation of multiple isolated SANs onto a single physical SAN infrastructure, while still partitioning them as completely separate logical entities. VSANs provide all the security and fabric services of traditional SANs, yet give organizations the flexibility to easily move resources from one VSAN to another. This results in increased disk and network utilization while driving down the cost of management. Integrated Inter VSAN Routing (IVR) enables sharing of common resources across VSANs.
Figure 18 High Performance Computing Storage.
Replication of data to a secondary and tertiary data center is crucial for business continuance. Replication offsite over Fiber Channel over IP (FCIP) coupled with write acceleration and tape acceleration provides improved performance over long distance. Continuous Data Replication (CDP) is another mechanism which is gaining popularity in the industry. It refers to backup of computer data by automatically saving a copy of every change made to that data, essentially capturing every version of the data that the user saves. It allows the user or administrator to restore data to any point in time. Solutions from EMC and Incipient utilize the SANTap protocol on the Storage Services Module (SSM) in the MDS platform to provide CDP functionality. The SSM uses the SANTap service to intercept and redirect a copy of a write between a given initiator and target. The appliance does not reside in the data path—it is completely passive. The CDP solutions typically leverage a history journal that tracks all changes and bookmarks that identify application-specific events. This ensures that data at any point in time is fully self-consistent and is recoverable instantly in the event of a site failure.
Backup procedure reliability and performance are extremely important when storing critical financial data to a SAN. The use of expensive media servers to move data from disk to tape devices can be cumbersome. Network-accelerated serverless backup (NASB) helps you back up increased amounts of data in shorter backup time frames by shifting the data movement from multiple backup servers to Cisco MDS 9000 Series multilayer switches. This technology decreases impact on application servers because the MDS offloads the application and backup servers. It also reduces the number of backup and media servers required, thus reducing CAPEX and OPEX. The flexibility of the backup environment increases because storage and tape drives can reside anywhere on the SAN.
Trading Resilience and Mobility.
The main requirements for this service are to provide the virtual trader:
• Fully scalable and redundant campus trading environment.
• Resilient server load balancing and high availability in analytic server farms.
• Global site load balancing that provide the capability to continue participating in the market venues of closest proximity.
A highly-available campus environment is capable of sustaining multiple failures (i. e., links, switches, modules, etc.), which provides non-disruptive access to trading systems for traders and market data feeds. Fine-tuned routing protocol timers, in conjunction with mechanisms such as NSF/SSO, provide subsecond recovery from any failure.
The high-speed interconnect between data centers can be DWDM/dark fiber, which provides business continuance in case of a site failure. Each site is 100km-200km apart, allowing synchronous data replication. Usually the distance for synchronous data replication is 100km, but with Read/Write Acceleration it can stretch to 200km. A tertiary data center can be greater than 200km away, which would replicate data in an asynchronous fashion.
Figure 19 Trading Resilience.
A robust server load balancing solution is required for order routing, algorithmic trading, risk analysis, and other services to offer continuous access to clients regardless of a server failure. Multiple servers encompass a "farm" and these hosts can added/removed without disruption since they reside behind a virtual IP (VIP) address which is announced in the network.
A global site load balancing solution provides remote traders the resiliency to access trading environments which are closer to their location. This minimizes latency for execution times since requests are always routed to the nearest venue.
Figure 20 Virtualization of Trading Environment.
A trading environment can be virtualized to provide segmentation and resiliency in complex architectures. Figure 20 illustrates a high-level topology depicting multiple market data feeds entering the environment, whereby each vendor is assigned its own Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instance. The market data is transferred to a high-speed InfiniBand low-latency compute fabric where feed handlers, order routing systems, and algorithmic trading systems reside. All storage is accessed via a SAN and is also virtualized with VSANs, allowing further security and segmentation. The normalized data from the compute fabric is transferred to the campus trading environment where the trading desks reside.
Wide Area Application Services.
This service provides application acceleration and optimization capabilities for traders who are located outside of the core trading floor facility/data center and working from a remote office. To consolidate servers and increase security in remote offices, file servers, NAS filers, storage arrays, and tape drives are moved to a corporate data center to increase security and regulatory compliance and facilitate centralized storage and archival management. As the traditional trading floor is becoming more virtual, wide area application services technology is being utilized to provide a "LAN-like" experience to remote traders when they access resources at the corporate site. Traders often utilize Microsoft Office applications, especially Excel in addition to Sharepoint and Exchange. Excel is used heavily for modeling and permutations where sometime only small portions of the file are changed. CIFS protocol is notoriously known to be "chatty," where several message normally traverse the WAN for a simple file operation and it is addressed by Wide Area Application Service (WAAS) technology. Bloomberg and Reuters applications are also very popular financial tools which access a centralized SAN or NAS filer to retrieve critical data which is fused together before represented to a trader's screen.
Figure 21 Wide Area Optimization.
A pair of Wide Area Application Engines (WAEs) that reside in the remote office and the data center provide local object caching to increase application performance. The remote office WAEs can be a module in the ISR router or a stand-alone appliance. The data center WAE devices are load balanced behind an Application Control Engine module installed in a pair of Catalyst 6500 series switches at the aggregation layer. The WAE appliance farm is represented by a virtual IP address. The local router in each site utilizes Web Cache Communication Protocol version 2 (WCCP v2) to redirect traffic to the WAE that intercepts the traffic and determines if there is a cache hit or miss. The content is served locally from the engine if it resides in cache; otherwise the request is sent across the WAN the initial time to retrieve the object. This methodology optimizes the trader experience by removing application latency and shielding the individual from any congestion in the WAN.
WAAS uses the following technologies to provide application acceleration:
• Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE) is an advanced form of network compression which allows the WAE to maintain a history of previously-seen TCP message traffic for the purposes of reducing redundancy found in network traffic. This combined with the Lempel-Ziv (LZ) compression algorithm reduces the number of redundant packets that traverse the WAN, which improves application transaction performance and conserves bandwidth.
• Transport Flow Optimization (TFO) employs a robust TCP proxy to safely optimize TCP at the WAE device by applying TCP-compliant optimizations to shield the clients and servers from poor TCP behavior because of WAN conditions. By running a TCP proxy between the devices and leveraging an optimized TCP stack between the devices, many of the problems that occur in the WAN are completely blocked from propagating back to trader desktops. The traders experience LAN-like TCP response times and behavior because the WAE is terminating TCP locally. TFO improves reliability and throughput through increases in TCP window scaling and sizing enhancements in addition to superior congestion management.
Thin Client Service.
This service provides a "thin" advanced trading desktop which delivers significant advantages to demanding trading floor environments requiring continuous growth in compute power. As financial institutions race to provide the best trade executions for their clients, traders are utilizing several simultaneous critical applications that facilitate complex transactions. It is not uncommon to find three or more workstations and monitors at a trader's desk which provide visibility into market liquidity, trading venues, news, analysis of complex portfolio simulations, and other financial tools. In addition, market dynamics continue to evolve with Direct Market Access (DMA), ECNs, alternative trading volumes, and upcoming regulation changes with Regulation National Market System (RegNMS) in the US and Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) in Europe. At the same time, business seeks greater control, improved ROI, and additional flexibility, which creates greater demands on trading floor infrastructures.
Traders no longer require multiple workstations at their desk. Thin clients consist of keyboard, mouse, and multi-displays which provide a total trader desktop solution without compromising security. Hewlett Packard, Citrix, Desktone, Wyse, and other vendors provide thin client solutions to capitalize on the virtual desktop paradigm. Thin clients de-couple the user-facing hardware from the processing hardware, thus enabling IT to grow the processing power without changing anything on the end user side. The workstation computing power is stored in the data center on blade workstations, which provide greater scalability, increased data security, improved business continuance across multiple sites, and reduction in OPEX by removing the need to manage individual workstations on the trading floor. One blade workstation can be dedicated to a trader or shared among multiple traders depending on the requirements for computer power.
The "thin client" solution is optimized to work in a campus LAN environment, but can also extend the benefits to traders in remote locations. Latency is always a concern when there is a WAN interconnecting the blade workstation and thin client devices. The network connection needs to be sized accordingly so traffic is not dropped if saturation points exist in the WAN topology. WAN Quality of Service (QoS) should prioritize sensitive traffic. There are some guidelines which should be followed to allow for an optimized user experience. A typical highly-interactive desktop experience requires a client-to-blade round trip latency of <20ms for a 2Kb packet size. There may be a slight lag in display if network latency is between 20ms to 40ms. A typical trader desk with a four multi-display terminal requires 2-3Mbps bandwidth consumption with seamless communication with blade workstation(s) in the data center. Streaming video (800x600 at 24fps/full color) requires 9 Mbps bandwidth usage.
Figure 22 Thin Client Architecture.
Management of a large thin client environment is simplified since a centralized IT staff manages all of the blade workstations dispersed across multiple data centers. A trader is redirected to the most available environment in the enterprise in the event of a particular site failure. High availability is a key concern in critical financial environments and the Blade Workstation design provides rapid provisioning of another blade workstation in the data center. This resiliency provides greater uptime, increases in productivity, and OpEx reduction.
Advanced Encryption Standard.
Advanced Message Queueing Protocol.
Application Oriented Networking.
The Archipelago® Integrated Web book gives investors the unique opportunity to view the entire ArcaEx and ArcaEdge books in addition to books made available by other market participants.
ECN Order Book feed available via NASDAQ.
Chicago Board of Trade.
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queueing.
Continuous Data Replication.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange is engaged in trading of futures contracts and derivatives.
Central Processing Unit.
Distributed Defect Tracking System.
Acesso direto ao mercado.
Data Redundancy Elimination.
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
Rede de Comunicação Eletrônica.
Enterprise Service Bus.
Enterprise Solutions Engineering.
FIX Adapted for Streaming.
Fibre Channel over IP.
Financial Information Exchange.
Financial Services Latency Monitoring Solution.
Financial Service Provider.
Information Lifecycle Management.
Instinet Island Book.
Internetworking Operating System.
Keyboard Video Mouse.
Low Latency Queueing.
Metro Area Network.
Multilayer Director Switch.
Diretoria de Mercados em Instrumentos Financeiros.
Message Passing Interface is an industry standard specifying a library of functions to enable the passing of messages between nodes within a parallel computing environment.
Network Attached Storage.
Network Accelerated Serverless Backup.
Network Interface Card.
Nasdaq Quotation Dissemination Service.
Order Management System.
Open Systems Interconnection.
Protocol Independent Multicast.
PIM-Source Specific Multicast.
Quality of Service.
Random Access Memory.
Reuters Data Feed.
Reuters Data Feed Direct.
Remote Direct Memory Access.
Regulation National Market System.
Remote Graphics Software.
Reuters Market Data System.
RTP Control Protocol.
Real Time Protocol.
Reuters Wire Format.
Storage Area Network.
Small Computer System Interface.
Sockets Direct Protocol—Given that many modern applications are written using the sockets API, SDP can intercept the sockets at the kernel level and map these socket calls to an InfiniBand transport service that uses RDMA operations to offload data movement from the CPU to the HCA hardware.
Server Fabric Switch.
Secure Financial Transaction Infrastructure network developed to provide firms with excellent communication paths to NYSE Group, AMEX, Chicago Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and other exchanges. It is often used for order routing.

Chapter 3 – Algorithmic Transaction Cost Analysis.
This chapter provides a detailed investigation into transaction cost analysis (TCA). The chapter begins with a thorough investigation into the nine components of financial transaction costs: commissions, taxes, fees, spreads, delay, price appreciation, market impact, timing risk, and opportunity cost. We expand on Perold’s implementation shortfall methodology by incorporating pre-trade costs to better identify and classify total trading costs based on where, when, and how they arise during the investment cycle. The chapter introduces the reader to the “trader’s dilemma,” that is, the difficulties encountered by traders each day in managing the conflicting transaction cost components of market impact cost and timing risk. We continue the chapter with methodologies and best in class practices to measure trading costs and evaluate trader, broker, and algorithmic performance. The chapter concludes with a thorough investigation into some of the more advanced statistical algorithmic evaluation techniques, and presents a framework for investors to objectively measure, compare, and evaluate algorithms across brokers and vendors.
transaction costs ; Análise de custo de transação (TCA); implementation shortfall ; expanded implementation shortfall ; execution cost ; opportunity cost ; slippage ; delay cost ; se espalha; commissions ; price appreciation ; market impact ; evaluating algorithms ; trader’s dilemma ; Andre Perold ; Wayne Wagner ; best execution.
Direitos autorais e cópia; 2014 Elsevier Inc. Todos os direitos reservados.

Algorithmic trading and dma an introduction to direct access trading strategies pdf download

We offer the Brokerage and Trading Community an end-to-end electronic trading solution.
Dedicated advanced team.
Direct Access Software provides the reliability and access that your clients can count on.
We do things differently.
We provide the most efficient execution solutions for your clients, Broker/Dealers, Clearing Firms, On-Line Brokers, Institutional Trading desks, and traders worldwide that demand smarter execution services.
Report Center.
Historical Reports - trades, orders, prices, and logs.
Test Trade.
Send orders, view real-time market data, and set up alerts and hot keys.
Configuration.
DAS Trader PRO is intended and fully tested to be used in a Windows environment.
FREE live webinars: Intro to DAS every Wednesday.
We are Direct Access Software.
Direct Access Software (DAS) is an Industry Leader in direct access trading technologies that offer the brokerage and trading community end-to-end electronic trading solutions.
DAS systems provide the most efficient execution and real-time market data solutions for your firm's clients, broker/dealers, clearing firms, online Brokers, institutional trading desks, and traders worldwide who demand smarter execution services and streaming market data.
Dados de mercado.
DAS is a market data provider for the CBSX, Nasdaq OMX, NYSE/ARCA, Direct Edge, OTC Markets, CBOE/OPRA and BATS.
Connectivity-Latency.
DAS is a connectivity provider for low latency order validation to the CBSX, Nasdaq OMX, NYSE/ARCA, BATS and Direct Edge. We provide direct market access and FIX connectivity to all the major exchanges and offer co-location services to the Nasdaq and SFTI data centers. Order Routing is available to over 50+ destinations with the most latency-sensitive sub-millisecond order validation. We also provide access to all NYSE floor brokers and routing strategies for exchanges, ALGO, dark pools and liquidity providers.
Software de negociação.
We are continually committed to improving the reliability of our software technology and have specifically designed our platform in a way that takes into consideration the scalability and needs of our clients. DAS Inc provides complete online brokerage solutions including direct access trading applications, browser-based trading, back-office order management systems, market data feeds, historical data, service bureau connectivity, FIX and API execution services.
Conheça nosso time.
Get to know our team members.
Karen Barker-Gentile.
CEO, President and Co-Founder.
With more than 10 years of financial accounting, back-office management, broker dealer relations and information technology experience, Karen Barker-Gentile brings to DAS, Inc. a wealth of business and management experience. Prior to founding DAS, Inc. Karen worked in the corporate, civil and private sectors.
Nossos prêmios.
Nossos serviços.
We provide the most efficient execution and real-time market data solutions for your clients, Broker/Dealers, Clearing Firms, On-Line Brokers, Institutional Trading desks, and traders worldwide who demand smarter execution services and streaming market data.
Service Bureau.
DAS Trader CSB – Connectivity Service Bureau (CSB) is a full suite of execution gateway solutions for clients who require global connectivity and reliability to all US Exchange centers. Besides being a platinum service bureau partner to NASDAQ OMX and a Power Partner 3 to NYSE Euronext, DAS is also a certified service bureau to CBSX, BATS, Direct Edge and several Electronic Communication Networks (ECN) or Alternative Trading Systems (ATS).
Market Data Vendor.
DAS Trader MDV – Market Data Vendor (MDV) to major exchanges including Nasdaq, NYSE, OPRA, OTC Markets, Direct Edge and BATS. DAS|MDV offers real-time data feed technology for instant access to market data and real-time streaming news from Newsware. DAS is a preferred partner with Nasdaq OMX as a reseller of the Nasdaq Totalview.
Development Environment.
DAS Trader DEV – Offering front-end GUI interfaces the ability to connect to our robust backend system via the DAS|API and DAS|FIX, utilizing the DAS|DMA and DAS|CSB in routing technology to multiple exchanges and destinations available in our infrastructure. We also provide a full testing environment for developers.
Trade Reporting Tools.
DAS Trader TRT – Trade Reporting tools (TRT) is a fully integrated front-to-back office suite of broker and firm management tools. Brokers and brokerage firms can monitor and manage the real-time performance of their firm or portfolio and utilize risk and compliance management tools. These tools compliment the DAS products and provide additional detail to assist firms in its daily operation and surveillance.
Report Center (A web access database for orders, trades and tickets historical data associated with your firm MPID) IBOSS (Multi-Accounts back-office solution offered to Foreign Financial Institutions by providing proper reporting for aggregation of its customers accounts within a master-sub intermediary relationship) OSO Reporting including FINRA OATS and FINRA Trace SEC 605 and 606 Reporting EOD and Real-time drop copies Pre-trade Alert Reporting for SEC 15c-3-5.
Collocation Services.
DAS Trader HUB – Collocation Services at NASDAQ with gigabit connection pipes to all major exchanges. DAS|HUB provides a competitive edge for high frequency and automated traders, market data analysis.
Collocation at NASDAQ’s data center in Carteret, NJ Ultra low latency connectivity to NASDAQ’s trading systems Access to DAS’s private dark fiber lines to NYSE, DirectEDGE, CBSX, and BATS Low latency connectivity to 100+ market destinations, with new connections available upon request Both managed and hosted solutions offered Certification and testing environments available Submit orders via DAS|FIX to lower costs and latency Ultra low latency access to market data feeds directly from the exchanges Standardized market data is also available via DAS|API.
Nossos produtos.
DAS's product suite is the solution and technology necessary for your firm to connect to the global market. We are committed to continually improving the reliability of our software technology and have specifically designed our platform to consider the scalability and needs of our clients.
DAS | Trader Pro.
DAS Trader Professional trading platform with advanced order types, charting, and multi-account management in a real-time environment.
Collocated Order Executions Regional, Totalview, ARCA, and BATS Book Direct Access Order Routing Multiple Stop Types Real-Time Account Management Supports Multiple Monitors Advanced Charting Trade Equities and Options.
DAS | Active Web.
DAS ActiveWeb Trader is an advanced browser-based platform for trading equities and options built on HTML5 and uses Web Socket technology to stream real-time feed. This platform combines the direct access trading capabilities of DAS Trader Pro with an intuitive web-based platform that can be customized to compete with other top-tier online brokerage solutions.
Collocated Executions and Market Data Direct Access Order Routing Multiple Stop Types Real-Time Account Management Supports Multiple Screens Trade Stocks and Options.
DAS | Trader MTS.
DAS Trader MTS is an order and risk management trading platform designed for a financial institution to send its omnibus orders to its broker’s or clearing firm’s execution and risk management platform. It enables foreign and domestic entities the ability to place real-time orders to the US equity markets via secured order entry connections in which all multiple accounts are transmitted to executing firms in one master account. The controller of the master account will have the ability to monitor all transactions of the sub accounts from MTS along with applying all pre-trade risk management provided in the DAS suite. We also offer a post trade reporting tool which is integrated with the MTS to properly record trading historical information and portfolio management.
DAS | Iphone.
iDASTrader uses your iPhone, iPod, or iPad to manage your account and send orders using the DAS system. The same real time Level 2 market data is delivered directly to your iOS device! You can download the app by searching for iDAStrader in the Apple App store.
DAS | Mobile WEB.
DAS Trader Mobile Web was optimized to fit the web browser of most smartphones, enabling for trading equities and options.
For easy access, simply bookmark the URL mobile. dastrader on your Blackberry, Windows, CyanogenMod, Nokia X Software, Sailfish, Symbian, Tizen, Android, IOS or any smart phone with a basic web browser.
DAS | Android.
DASTrader Android app allows you to manage your account and send orders using the DAS system. The same real time Level 2 market data is delivered directly to your Android device! You can download the app by searching for DASTrader in the Google Play store.
DAS | FIX/API.
DAS Trader DMA FIX/API adheres to the standard of Financial Information Exchange (FIX) for the industry. It provides Direct Market Access (DMA) to various market destinations for high speed order execution and validation without compromising latency. Because our DMA FIX is co-located within the exchanges’ data center, our clients benefit by cutting time and cost in setting up connections to multiple venue options by just connecting to DAS infrastructure.
DAS Trader FIX/API – Automatically transmit, receive and cancel advanced order types, execution reports, order status, positions, liquidity flags, account balances, standardized market data for Nasdaq, Direct EDGE, BATS and more.
Send orders directly to NASDAQ via the data center in Carteret, NJ Send orders via DAS’s private dark fiber connections to NYSE, DirectEDGE, CBSX, and BATS Access 100+ market destinations via DAS’s infrastructure Submit advanced order types.
DAS Trader Pre-Trade Risk Management Administration control (RMA) is a single GUI interface which administers control of permissions, access rights, trading rights and more for Rule 15c3-5 naked access clients, brokers, clearing firms and multiple firm offices. Features includes:
Consolidated GUI/Application Client (MPID) Level Control Risk-Check Violation Handling Hierarchical Risk Profiles Event Logging and Event Notification EOD Log File Kill Switch Reg NMS for Intermarket Sweep Orders and Minimum Pricing Increments Exchange/Venue Trading Allowance Asset-Type Trading Allowance Entry-Type Allowance Reg SHO for Rules 200 and 203 Symbols Restrictions User/Account Restrictions Mass Order Cancellation Order by Order checks for Maximum Price Discrepancy, SOQ, SOV, Order Throttle and Duplicate Orders.
DAS Trader DMAr – Direct Market Access router is a smart routing system designed to offer access to multiple destinations using algorithmic strategies via one connection. DMAr allows our clients to benefit from the integrated package of our FIX, Trade Reporting Tools and Connectivity Service Bureau functionality. Having co-location within NASDAQ and gigabit dedicated point to point connections to the other exchanges provide our clients the advantage of having one of the lowest latency order confirmation and transactions to market centers.
Nossos parceiros.
Nathan Michaud.
Founder, InvestorsLive & InvestorsUnderground.
DAS Trader is by far the most robust trading platform out there . I’ve used this tool every day trading since 2003. I’ve compared it to many others out there and it always stands out as the fastest! The team has been helpful and listen to any and all suggestions to continually make this software better! Great team, great people and highly recommend this to ANY serious traders! (Not to mention they have by far the most incredible mobile app on the planet)
Justin Ritchie.
I have been pleased with the online trading platform and very pleased with the customer service I’ve received so far.
Stefanie Kammerman.
Founder and Managing Director, The Stock Whisperer Trading Company.
Over the past 20 years I tried and tested numerous trading platforms and I have to say that the DAS Trader Pro is by far the best platform. What I like most about this platform beside being simple to use, is the ease of zooming in and out of my charts along with the drawing tools that help me find the best support and resistance levels. I share my screen all day teaching thousands of students how to day trade and swing trade using this platform at thestockwhisperer Other great features include the top 20 list, the ECN book and the multiple time and sales windows. I highly recommend this product.
Melissa Armo.
Owner, The Stock Swoosh, LLC.
What I like most about Das is the charts. The charts are clean and I can set them up to easily read the price. The configurations are clear and easy to see. Das has a good speed of execution with hotkeys. This is important because I use hotkeys to take all my trades.
I just received assistance from DAS Support on an issue that was efficiently handled. I also had my DAS platform and hotkeys explained and organized for me. I really was taken away by the help and service I had to write you an email. & # 8211; Coréia.
I have used DAS Trader for many years now and have referred many of my colleagues to your trading platform. Yes your product is of quality and does what we expect with trading but the MOST important aspect of a product is it’s support system. You’re staff that we rely on when we have questions, technical issues or problems. There are a ton of trading platforms on the market out there but as a financial analyst for a large institution I ALWAYS recommend your product! - Denver, CO.
I just coordinated with the DAS support team and am impressed to see how they treat their customers, not just as a customer, but helping them out as their own family members. & # 8211; Punjab, Pakistan.
I must say that when i was in need of help, one of your technical advisers came through and put in the time to sort all of my issues out. I had some computer issues and platform issues i needed looking at. I did not expect this kind of service, but am really happy that i reached out to you. Thank you for the excellent service and a big thanks to the DAS support team for helping me out! & # 8211; Forsby, Sweden.
It has been over 5 weeks that I am using DAS Pro, and I must say I had the best customer service ever for services I have ever purchased or subscribed. I sent a lot of questions (many of them dumb) and problems to Support team, and less than 5 min I was always had my problems solved/answers in my inbox. Great success in any product/services is when the customer does not feel stupid or ashamed of contacting support team. This is my case. - Vancouver, Canada.
Gives back.
Não hesite em contactar-nos.
2215-B Renaissance Dr. Las Vegas, NV 89119.
1(702) 943 1881 *For Sales.
Monday-Friday: 8:30am to 5:30pm EST.
We observe the NYSE Holiday schedule:
Please select one of the following:
(First time user only).
Política de Privacidade.
The Direct Access Software web site permits users to obtain access to information about DAS and its products. In providing this access, DAS recognizes the principles of privacy of personal information.
Information about you is gathered in three ways when you use the DAS web site: When you visit the DAS web site, our web server identifies the IP address of your computer. By using programming scripts, we collect information about the type of browser, operating system and system configuration that you use. In order to obtain access to portions of our web site (to download software, documents, files, view a demonstration, or to sign up for our mailing list) we may ask you to complete a registration form that identifies personal information about you or solicits your comments.
We refer to all of this information as "Personal Information."
Use of personal information:
We use personal information to obtain information regarding web site usage so that we can tailor our website content to meet your needs. We also may use personal information in our marketing and sales efforts.
We do not share personal information with other non-affiliate companies.
Deletion and Correction of Personal Information.
By contacting Legal you can: Find out the details of any personal information we hold about you. Correct or update that personal information. Request that we delete that personal information.
Safeguards.
We value the information that you share with us, and consequently, your personal information is password-protected and its availability is limited to persons who have a need to know.
Disclaimer of Warranty.
DATA AND INFORMATION PROVIDED BY DASTRADER OR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATES, THEIR MEMBERS, DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, AND CONTRACTORS ("DAS") IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, AND IS PROVIDED BY DAS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS. DAS EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND A WARRANTY FOR NON-INFRINGEMENT, WITH RESPECT TO THE DATA AND INFORMATION. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOST PROFITS, TRADING LOSSES, INTERNET SECURITY BREACHES AND DAMAGES THAT MAY RESULT FROM THE USE OF THE DATA AND INFORMATION, ANY DELAY OR INTERRUPTION OF SERVICE, OR OMISSIONS OR INACCURACIES IN THE INFORMATION) WITH RESPECT TO THE DATA AND INFORMATION.
USER SHALL NOT, (I) INTERFERE WITH THE DAS SYSTEM BY USING VIRUSES OR ANY OTHER PROGRAMS OR TECHNOLOGY DESIGNED TO DISRUPT OR DAMAGE ANY SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE, (II) MODIFY, CREATE DERIVATIVE WORKS FROM, REVERSE ENGINEER, DECOMPILE OR DISASSEMBLE ANY TECHNOLOGY USED TO PROVIDE THE DAS SYSTEM, OR MAKE OR DISTRIBUTE ANY OTHER FORM OF, OR ANY DERIVATIVE WORK FROM THE SYSTEM, (III) USE ANY DEVICE OR PROCESS TO GAIN ACCESS TO PROPRIETARY INFORMATION RELATED TO THE DAS SYSTEM AND ITS SOFTWARE, (IV) ENGAGE IN ANY ACTIVITY THAT MATERIALLY INTERFERES WITH THE OPERATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY SERVICE. USER SHOULD NOT USE ANY TECHNOLOGY (NOT LIMITED TO VPN, PROXY, ETC.) KNOWN TO MASK OR HIDE COMPUTER INFORMATION AND IP ADDRESSES. USER AND AFFILIATES ARE AUTHORIZED TO USE EXCHANGE DATA. USER AND AFFILIATES MAY CREATE DERIVATIVE WORKS FROM THE EXCHANGE DATA. USER AND AFFILIATES MAY UTILIZE DERIVATIVE DATA AS NEEDED FOR TRADING PURPOSES.
FINALLY, THE USER, AS A CONDITION TO VIEWING THE DATA AND INFORMATION, EXPRESSLY WAIVES ANY CLAIM IT MAY HAVE AGAINST DAS. PLEASE NOTE THAT ACCOUNTS WITH PREFIX ‘TR’ ARE DESIGNATED AS A TRAINING ACCOUNT. ALL TR ACCOUNT’S TRADES ARE IN SIMULATION FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY.
Configuration.
To download our state of the art trading system, it is important that you maximize the benefits of DASTRADER by having at a minimum the following PC hardware requirement:
Minimum Core2 Duo 2+GHZ processor Minimum 4GB of RAM Cable or DSL (at least 10/10 DL/UL speed recommended) Windows 7, Server 2008 or higher Secure updated web browser DASTrader Pro program enabled in Windows Firewall.
Please note: WE DO NOT PROVIDE TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR DASTRADER PRO ON MAC OS. Use of DAS Trader Pro on a Mac OS is at the user's risk. The software is built for a Windows OS only. If you still need to use DAS Trader Pro on an Apple computer, below are the different options to run PRO in a MAC environment:
Installing Windows on your MAC using Parallels Desktop. Most stable environment, supports dual monitors and cost $80. See detail on Parallel support kb. parallels/en/4729.
Run Windows at native speed using Bootcamp environment. Apple and most MAC users seem to endorse this framework as stable for most application and is free. See supported links below:
A) The most robust of the two virtualization environment is VMWare Fusion since it is a native virtualized environment on the MAC. For that reason it is quite stable, fast and scalable. The cost is $70 for the VMWare Fusion software. vmware/products/fusion/
Here is a tutorial for setting up VMWare Fusion and DAS: youtube/watch? v=ZZkJbtlKVvs.
DASTrader PRO is intended and fully tested to be used in a Windows environment. Support is provided on our platform usage (on Windows). We do not provide support on Windows or MAC general usage.
Documentação.
Comunicados de imprensa
Founder of DAS Trader Karen Gentile Discusses Dark Pools, Twitter & Mais.
December 18, 2013.
DAS (Direct Access Software) Trader is an industry leader in direct access trading technologies. The company, founded 10 years ago by Karen Gentile, offers an end-to-end electronic trading solution to market participants of all sizes and expertise.
On the Job: Gentile savors sound of success, rings NYSE bell.
November 26, 2013.
On Oct. 19, Gentile rang the NYSE Euronext closing bell. Gentile, who runs DASInc. with partner Jun Liu, says the firm, developers of DAS Trader Pro, was honored by NYSE “for meeting standards as a service bureau and vendor for NYSE,” just the third firm to be given the distinction by the exchange.
DAS|Inc Rings NYSE Closing Bell 10/18/13.
October 18, 2013.
On October 18th, 2013, DAS|Inc will be ringing the closing bell in celebration of entry into NYSE Euronext Power Partners Program at the New York Stock Exchange.
DAS|Inc Launches Best Trader Competition and Active Web Trader.
DAS|Inc is starting a new competition, Best Trader, as an introduction to its new Active Web Trader system.
DAS|Inc Integrates with CenterPoint Securities.
DAS|Inc now offers all of its products and services via CenterPoint Securities.
DAS|Inc Rings Nasdaq Closing Bell 5/10/13.
On May 10th, 2013, DAS|Inc rang the closing bell in celebration of the ten year anniversary of DAS Trader Pro, a low latency, robust trading platform.
DAS Trader to Ring the NASDAQ Stock Market Closing Bell.
DAS Trader, an Industry Leader in direct access trading technologies which offers the brokerage and trading community end-to-end electronic trading solutions, will visit the NASDAQ MarketSite in Times Square.
DAS|Inc becomes Level 3 NYSE Power Partner.
February 25, 2013.
DAS|INC achieves highest status in NYSE Euronext’s Power Partners Program.
DAS|Inc Visits Nasdaq for Closing Bell.
December 18, 2012.
DAS|Inc was welcomed to the closing bell ceremony on November 28, 2012 as a NASDAQ OMX Certified Platinum Partner.
DAS|Inc Launches Limited API for Active Traders.
January 23, 2012.
DAS|Inc has launched a limited API for mid and low frequency traders who wish to automate their strategies at a cost effective price.
DAS|Inc Releases Limited API to Better Serve the Trading Community.
29 de novembro de 2011.
DAS|Inc has released a new limited API to make automated trading more available and affordable to individuals and small scale operations.
DAS|Inc Celebrates Launch of Newest Client, SureTrader.
October 24, 2011.
SureTrader, a broker dealer based in the Bahamas, becomes DAS|Inc’s newest client.
DAS|INC Doubles Its Staff.
September 6, 2011.
DAS|INC expands its staff in 2011.
DAS|INC appoints new Vice President of Sales.
DAS|INC appoints Demian Zadorin as its new Vice President of Sales.
DAS|INC Releases DAS|Pro Version 2.0.
DAS|INC is pleased to announce the launch of the latest version of their flagship product, DAS|Pro version 2.0.
DAS Launches New Risk Management System.
DAS Inc. has launched DAS|RMA, an efficient Risk Management System in compliance with SEC Rule 15c3-5.
DAS Trader: Taking the Risk Out of Risk Management.
Benzinga staff writer, Louis Bedigian interviews DAS CEO Karen Gentile about changing trends in electronic trading and DAS Inc.’s impact on this evolving field.
DAS Inc. Awarded Platinum Partnership by NASDAQ OMX.
November 5, 2010.
DAS Inc. has been awarded Platinum Partnership by NASDAQ OMX Certified Partners Program.
Recapitulação do mercado.
Intraday Market Recap.
The gap up for AMEX:
The gap down for AMEX:
The gap up for NYSE:
The gap down for NYSE:
Morning Bell Market Recap.
October 4, 2016 @ 9:00 AM EST.
The NASDAQ most active stock is Sirius XM Holdings Inc. (SIRI).
The NASDAQ top gainer is Nova Lifestyle, Inc. (NVFY).
The NASDAQ top loser is Real Goods Solar, Inc. (RGSE).
The NYSE most active stock is SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY).
Latest news for SPY: N/A.
The NYSE top gainer is R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company (RRD).
The NYSE top loser is Ryerson Holding Corporation (RYI).
Lunch Stock Recap.
Monday, October 3, 2016 @ 12:00 PM EST.
The gap up for AMEX:
The gap down for AMEX:
The gap up for NYSE:
The gap down for NYSE:
Morning Bell Market Recap.
Monday, October 2, 2016 @ 9:00 AM EST.
The NASDAQ most active stock is Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (CTSH).
The NASDAQ top gainer is Nova Lifestyle, Inc. (NVFY).
The NASDAQ top loser is Delcath Systems, Inc. (DCTH).
The NYSE most active stock is The Procter & Gamble Company (PG).
The NYSE top gainer is China Xiniya Fashion Limited (XNY).
The NYSE top loser is Vectrus, Inc. (VEC).
Closing Bell Market Recap.
September 30, 2016.
Friday, September 30, 2016 @ 4:00 PM EST.
The gap up for AMEX:
The gap down for AMEX:
The gap up for NYSE:
The gap down for NYSE:
Morning Bell Market Recap.
September 30, 2016.
Friday, September 30, 2016 @ 4:00PM.
The NASDAQ most active stock is VelocityShares Daily Inverse VIX ST ETN (XIV).
Latest News for XIV: N/A.
The NASDAQ top gainer is Catabasis Pharmaceudticals, Inc (CATB) .
The NASDAQ top loser is Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc (ITCI).
The NYSE most active stock is Chesapeake Energy Corporation (CHK) .
The NYSE top gainer is TransAtlantic Petroleum Ltd (TAT).
The NYSE top loser is Actinium Pharmaceuticals, Inc (ATNM)

2 – Secondary Market Process.
Publisher Summary.
The secondary market provides a mechanism for investors and traders who are interested in buying an instrument to find other investors or traders interested in selling the instrument. When the counterparty is found, the market facilitates a trade between buyer and seller (or their agents), then manages the activities involved in guaranteeing the trade will be completed and then settles the trade after all the preliminary activities are complete. Portfolio management is a process internal to the buy-side firm. Portfolio managers evaluate holdings and consider investment ideas generated internally or by research, analysts on the sell side portfolio management systems are intended to provide portfolio managers with insight into the securities in the portfolios under their control. Separately, various analytical systems are available to evaluate potential holdings not in the portfolio. Portfolio managers receive inputs from many sources, although most of the inputs from customers are filtered through account managers and sales personnel. Input from the sell side is usually directed to internal research departments, where it is synthesized and enhanced with information derived by the internal analysts.
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